Steve writes:
> As best I recall,  in 1992-93, the NiCd batteries used in what became AO-27 and IO-26 were sourced from
>someone working with SSTL who had NiCd matching down to a science and was able to work with relatively
>newer cells. 

This was possibly Larry Kayser, VA3LK.  Larry was involved in the battery selection process for UO-11 where
he took about 250-or-so new NiCd batteries and "matched" them to pick the ones to fly on UO-11 and several
other satellites.  He had a very detailed meticulous process for characterizing each battery cell to decide
which cells to put together into the battery pack on the satellite.  UO-11's batteries are still working after
tens of thousands of charge/discharge cycles. Nobody else's matching process is even close to that.

Unfortunately, after much research, I still cannot find anything that Larry wrote down that describes in
detail the steps he followed to "match" the battery cells.  I know he plotted many charge/discharge curves
for each cell over many different charge/discharge/temperature conditions, and even X-rayed some cells
to find other defects, but exactly what conditions he tested and exactly what he did with the charge/discharge
curves to "match" the batteries remains somewhat of a mystery. 

As far as I know he never published the steps for his methods before he became a silent key.  The best,
but somewhat cryptic, statement I found from him was that when selecting the cells you want the
"best matched" cells for your battey, which are not necessarily the "best" cells that you have.  But how exactly
do you determine which ones are "best matched" to each other?

If anyone knows ANYTHING about his battery matching methods, please send me whatever knowledge
you have however small.

Earlier in a different thread Joe wrote:
> What baby steps can we all take together to open up as much information as we can as soon as we can?

If you do something and it works, especially if it works well, publish your results and your methods to achieve
those results so that others can learn and build on your knowledge and experience.  And, that's just a start. 
It's not enough to just publish it on just your personal website, as I recently discovered when I tried to get
some not-so-old UO-11 telemetry. The author of that website had become a silent key. The website
was no longer on the web, and archive.org had not archived the entire site! 

Hard won knowledge has been lost in both cases.  We need to do better. 

One suggestion would be to keep a living document, updated regularly, with copies online in
multiple places, with the lessons learned and knowledge gained, and make it required reading
for each new generation of satellite builders. Contact me if you think this is a good idea, or even
if you think it's a bad idea.

73,
Douglas KA2UPW/5
"Steps down from soapbox...."


On Wed, Dec 9, 2020 at 6:55 PM Steve Greene <ks1g04@gmail.com> wrote:
Jerry  -thanks for that detailed explanation. 

One of the challenges I think with the Fox design is the way the manifesting and integrating cubesats may affect battery lifetime in unexpected ways compared to historical experience with spacecraft.  As best I recall,  in 1992-93, the NiCd batteries used in what became AO-27 and IO-26 were sourced from someone working with SSTL who had NiCd matching down to a science and was able to work with relatively newer cells.  I think the SSTL satellites were using the same batteries, and I don't recall supply chain / discontinued product issues Fox had to deal with.  Also, AO-27 was accessible to the development team until a few weeks at most before launch when integration of all 6 secondary payloads was completed.  I believe there were provisions to keep batteries charged before launch but not 100% certain.  In contrast, the realities of cubesat launches almost guarantee a lengthy gap between final spacecraft integration and launch, with no opportunities for battery maintenance.  So the req
 uirements for the battery in a future mission might include "shall survive without maintenance for xx months until launch and deployment without adverse effect on battery lifetime" or some such (easy to spec, probably way harder than I know to deliver!). 

Managing depth of discharge has been vital for long battery life.  AO-27 was managed very aggressively - 15-20 minutes on early in it's life, 4 min at a time today.  Something is better than nothing?  I'm not suggesting we should have done that with the Fox satellites, I am curious if there is data from SO-50 as it continues to be used heavily and seems fine after 18 years in space.  Keep in mind these satellites are larger compared to Fox, have larger capacity cells, less dramatic thermal changes, operate at a higher bus voltage (AO-27 is nominal 10v) and there may be changes between the early-mid 1990s NiCd battery chemistry and manufacture vs. 2010s that individually and in sum affect longevity in space.  Tradeoffs are tough design decisions that have to be made to get from something perfect but unbuildable to feasible and flying. 

There are a bunch of lessons here affecting all sorts of requirements and resulting engineering tradeoffs and operations decisions - battery capacity and chemistry, supply availability and shelf life before integration, self-discharge, ability to monitor individual cells, ability to manage depth of discharge after assembly and from integration until launch, and managing the battery once in space.  More capability also means more circuitry, more software code, and more places something has to be tested and could fail.  And have sufficient time in development and test to validate and incorporate good ideas that improve reliability and longevity (we hams may be the only people who would get excited about using satellites 46 years old (AO-7), 27 (AO-27), turning 8 (SO-50), or failed to deploy from the launcher (RS-44)!)

Steve KS1G
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