AMSAT NEWS SERVICE ANS-328

The AMSAT News Service bulletins are a free, weekly news and infor- mation service of AMSAT, The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation. ANS publishes news related to Amateur Radio in Space including reports on the activities of a worldwide group of Amateur Radio operators who share an active interest in designing, building, launching and commun- icating through analog and digital Amateur Radio satellites.

The news feed on http://www.amsat.org publishes news of Amateur Radio in Space as soon as our volunteers can post it.

Please send any amateur satellite news or reports to: ans-editor at amsat.org.

You can sign up for free e-mail delivery of the AMSAT News Service Bulletins via the ANS List; to join this list see: http://www.amsat.org/mailman/listinfo/ans

In this edition:

* AMSAT Auction Celebrating the 45th Birthday of AO-7 Now Live * November 18 Marked 2nd Anniversary On Orbit for AMSAT-OSCAR 91 * November 21 Marked 6th Anniverary of AMSAT-UK's AO-73 FUNcube-1 * Proposed FCC Auction of C-Band Increases Competition for Allocations * Satellite Operations From the Queen Mary on December 14 * Donate to AMSAT Tax-Free From Your IRA * Open Source 'APRS to Discord' Bridge Project Begins Testing * ARISS Activities * Upcoming Satellite Operations * The Voyage Home: Japan's Hayabusa-2 Probe Heads Back to Earth * Satellite Shorts From All Over

SB SAT @ AMSAT $ANS-328.01 ANS-328 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins

AMSAT News Service Bulletin 328.01 From AMSAT HQ KENSINGTON, MD. DATE 2019-Nov-24 To All RADIO AMATEURS BID: $ANS-328.01

AMSAT Auction Celebrating the 45th Birthday of AO-7 Now Live

As announced in ANS-321, AMSAT is auctioning off a set of gold-plated AO-7 cufflinks and a 50th Anniversary AMSAT lab coat (size 42R). The auctions are now live on eBay and will conclude shortly after 02:00 UTC on November 26, 2019.

Please bid today at https://www.ebay.com/usr/amsat-na

100% of the proceeds of this auction will go towards Keeping Amateur Radio in Space.

Looking ahead to the future AMSAT tweeted a quick summary of projects at: https://twitter.com/AMSAT/status/1197528119806169091

1. The University of Washington's HuskySat-1 carrying an AMSAT VHF/    UHF linear transponder was launched to the ISS on Cygnus on Nov 2.    After leaving the ISS, Cygnus is expected to deploy HuskySat-1 on    or about Jan 13.

2. After completing its science mission, HuskySat-1 will be turned    over to AMSAT and the transponder will be made available for ama-    teur use. AMSAT is also working with other CubeSat builders on    similar arrangements.

3. RadFxSat-2 (Fox-1E), carrying a VHF/UHF linear transponder and    radiation experiments for Vanderbilt University, is complete and    awaiting launch on the first commercial flight of Virgin Orbit's    LauncherOne no earlier than 1Q 2020.

4. The GOLF program is progressing nicely. The target delivery/inte-    gration date of GOLF-TEE is 3Q 2020. More details about the GOLF    program are available in the AMSAT Engineering Report from the 2019    Space Symposium. https://youtube.com/watch?v=WWwvhuIaiBA

5. The ARISS next generation InterOperable Radio System is planned    for launch to the ISS on the SpaceX CRS-20 mission, scheduled for    March 2020.

6. The AMSAT CubeSat Simulator project led by Alan Johnston, KU2Y and    Pat Kilroy, N8PK, is generating much interest. Simulators are avail-    able for loan for classrooms or events and work is underway to dev-    elop CubeSat Simulator kits. http://cubesatsim.com

7. How can you help these projects succeed? Please consider volunteer-    ing, joining, donating, and/or purchasing items from the AMSAT    store today.

[ANS thanks Paul Stoetzer, N8HM, for the above information]

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November 18 Marked 2nd Anniversary On Orbit for AMSAT-OSCAR 91

Happy 2nd Anniversary, AMSAT-OSCAR 91! At 09:47:36 UTC on Novem- ber 18, 2017, RadFxSat (Fox-1B) launched on a Delta II rocket from SLC-2W at Vandenberg Air Force Base and became AMSAT-OSCAR 91.

RadFxSat (Fox-1B), a 1U CubeSat, is a joint mission of AMSAT and the Institute for Space and Defense Electronics at Vanderbilt Uni- versity. The Vanderbilt package is intended to measure the effects of radiation on electronic components, including demonstration of an on-orbit platform for space qualification of components as well as to validate and improve computer models for predicting radiation tolerance of semiconductors.

AMSAT constructed the remainder of the satellite including the space frame, on-board computer and power system. The amateur radio package is similar to that currently on orbit on AO-85.

RadFxSat (Fox-1B) was sent aloft as a secondary payload on the Unit- ed Launch Alliance (ULA) Delta II rocket with the Joint Polar Satel- lite System (JPSS)-1 satellite. RadFxSat (Fox-1B) is one of five CubeSats making up this NASA Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa) XIV mission, riding as secondary payloads aboard the JPSS-1 mission.

Uplink:   435.250 MHz FM (67.0 Hz CTCSS) Downlink: 145.960 MHz FM

Satellite health and experiment telemetry are downlinked via the Data-Under-Voice (DUV) subaudible telemetry stream, which can be de- coded using the FoxTelem software.

Visit the AMSAT-OSCAR 91 web page at: https://tinyurl.com/ANS-328-AO-91 Make sure you have the latest AMSAT frequencies using the page at: https://www.amsat.org/two-way-satellites/

[ANS thanks AMSAT for the above information]

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November 21 Marked 6th Anniverary of AMSAT-UK's AO-73 FUNcube-1

This week AMSAT-UK and the FUNcube team recalled the events on launch day. A very short time after the launch from Yasny in Russia and with- in a few minutes from deployment, the very first frame of data from the low power transmitter on board, was detected and decoded by ZS1LS in South Africa. He was able to relay the data over the internet from his Dashboard to the Data Warehouse and the numbers, appeared, as if by magic, at the launch party being held at the RSGB National Radio Centre at Bletchley Park.

After a very brief check out, the FUNcube team were able to switch the transmitter to full power, again at the very first attempt, and were quite amazed at the strength of the signal from the 300mW trans- mitter on 145.935 MHz. The transponder was then switched on and suc- cessfully tested.

The team finished the day with a request to AMSAT-NA for an Oscar number and were delighted to receive the AO73 Oscar 73 designation!

Since then, FUNcube-1, with a launch mass of less than 1kg, has oper- ated continuously with only a very few interruptions. In excess of 32000 orbits, 750 million miles travelled, and with more than 7 mil- lion data packets downloaded and stored in the Data Warehouse.

The spacecraft is presently in continuous sunlight and to convert as much of the sun’s thermal energy into RF (to help keep it cool), it remains in continuous high power telemetry mode. We anticipate this situation will continue until early May next after which the team expect to have 3 months with some eclipse periods.

Of course, EO88 – Nayif 1 continues to operate autonomously with the transponder active when in eclipse and JO99 – JY1Sat, which includes image downloads, and which was launched just under a year ago, also remain active on a 24/7 basis.

The FUNcube team still receive many requests for Fitter message up- loads for school events…please contact us by email to operations@funcube.org.uk giving us at least two weeks notice.

The FUNcube team continue to be very grateful to all the many stations around the world that continue to upload the telemetry that they re- ceive to our Data Warehouse. They really need this data to provide a continuous resource for educational outreach.

Dave Johnson, G4DPZ, network administrator for the FUNcube Data Ware- house provided this update for users of the FUNcube Dashboard Soft- ware, "The server addresses warehouse.funcube.org.uk and data.funcube.org.uk are no longer operational. If you have FUNcube Dashboard(s) using the URL data.funcube.org.uk, please change it to data.amsat-uk.org as forwarding will no longer take place."

+ FUNcube email group https://groups.io/g/FUNcube + FUNcube Forum http://forum.funcube.org.uk/ + FUNcube Website http://www.funcube.org.uk/

[ANS thanks AMSAT-UK for the above information]

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The digital download version of the 2019 edition of      Getting Started with Amateur Satellites is now available as a         DRM-free PDF from the AMSAT Store.  Get yours today!            https://tinyurl.com/ANS-237-Getting-Started

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Proposed FCC Auction of C-Band Increases Competition for Allocations

In an IARU News Release by Dave Sumner, K1ZZ and posted by Rick Lind- quist, WW1ME on November 18 via the ARRL-IARU@groups.arrl.org list he reports that the Plenary session to approve texts to be included in the Final Acts was scheduled to end at noon Thursday, November 21 and delegates at WRC-19 faced a daunting workload as the conferees try to reach consensus on several remaining issues including the agenda for the next WRC.

Small Satellites which are increasingly commercial have been granted access to the space operations bands at 137/149MHz away from amateur allocations.

The amateur secondary allocation at 5725-5850 MHz, which includes an amateur-satellite C-band downlink at 5830-5850 MHz, is the subject of an unresolved conflict over parameters for wireless access systems including radio local area networks. 5 GHz Wi-Fi will see most expan- sion below amateur radio in the 5150-5250 band reducing it impact on our 5725-5850 range.

An article published by CNBC, also on November 18, a news item by Michael Sheetz, "Satellite stock Intelsat drops 40% after FCC 5G dec- ision", discusses increasing pressure in the United States due to a proposed public auction of 280 megahertz of the C-band spectrum. This article can be accessed in entirety at: https://tinyurl.com/ANS-328-CNBC-5G-Article

Sheetz reports that FCC Chairman Ajit Pai said in a tweet that his agency “must free up significant spectrum” for 5G telecommunications. The FCC said it expects to begin a public auction of C-band to happen before the end of 2020, a blow to satellite operators using the valu- able spectrum.

The FCC Chairman's tweet on the subject can be accessed at: https://twitter.com/AjitPaiFCC/status/1196468857025835009

Four commercial satellite operators, including Intelsat, provide C-band services in the U.S. to about 120 million households. The FCC wants to repurpose the C-band spectrum for 5G and an auction is ex- pected to raise tens of billions of dollars. But a public auction would see the proceeds go to the government. The commercial C-band satellite operators have organized as the 'C-Band Alliance' to oppose a public auction of these frequencies. The C-Band Alliance has been pushing for a private auction. The group has given a proposal to the FCC where the satellite operators would keep some of the proceeds while paying taxes on the sale, as well as contributing at least $8 billion to the U.S. Treasury and possible helping fund a rural 5G network.

[ANS thanks Dave Sumner, K1ZZ, Rick Lindquist, WW1ME, the IARU and  CNBC for the above information]

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Satellite Operations From the Queen Mary on December 14

AMSAT will be supporting the "Ham Radio Day Aboard the Queen Mary", an on-air event which will include satellite operations from the RMS Queen Mary, on Saturday, 14 December 2019. The Queen Mary is at the Port of Long Beach in California, grid DM03vs. The satellite opera- tions will take place from the Queen Mary's Sports Deck, next to the W6RO Wireless Room.

Visitors are welcome, and hams with a copy of their valid amateur license can board the ship for free on 14 December - a $40 value!

QSL cards will be available from the Associated Radio Amateurs of Long Beach (ARALB), using the process detailed at:

http://www.qrz.com/db/W6RO

Satellite contacts do not require the QSO number mentioned on this page. W6RO does not use Logbook of the World.

Additional information about the event posted by The Associated Radio Amateurs of Long Beach and the Queen Mary:

The Associated Radio Amateurs of Long Beach and the Queen Mary invite you aboard the legendary ocean liner for Ham Radio Day Aboard the Queen Mary on Saturday December 14th. Our world-famous station W6RO will be fully staffed all day. Come visit the station, take a turn as a guest operator, or work us on the air and earn our special 40th Anniversary QSL card. In addition, we will have the following special activities:

+ Static displays of the Queen Mary's vintage maritime radio equipment. + On-air demonstrations of ham radio 'go-kits' at locations around the   ship. + Demonstrations of 'eclectic communications gear', including an Aldis   lamp and semaphore flags. + Demonstrations of satellite ham radio, with actual contacts being   made through satellites in orbit.

Basic admission to board the ship is FREE for licensed radio amateurs this day.  Simply show your current amateur radio license at the Hotel entrance and come aboard! The free boarding offer is subject to the following restrictions:

+ A valid FCC license document must be presented. (QM personnel will   not look you up in the FCC database, QRZ, etc.) + Non-licensed friends and family members are not included. + Free boarding of the ship does not include admission to the Queen   Mary Christmas event. + Free boarding does not include parking.  Normal parking rates apply.   For an alternative, ride the free Long Beach Transit Passport bus,or   try LBT's AquaBus or AquaLink boat shuttles to get to the Queen Mary.

We're looking forward to seeing YOU on board!  73

[ANS thanks Patrick Stoddard, WD9EWK/VA7EWK, and the Associated Radio  Amateurs of Long Beach and the Queen Mary]

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Need new satellite antennas? Purchase Arrows, Alaskan Arrows,    and M2 LEO-Packs from the AMSAT Store. When you purchase through           AMSAT, a portion of the proceeds goes towards                  Keeping Amateur Radio in Space.        https://amsat.org/product-category/hardware/

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Donate to AMSAT Tax-Free From Your IRA

Are you over 70-1/2 years of age and need to meet your IRA's Required Minimum Distribution for 2019? Consider making a donation to AMSAT!

Under the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015, individuals over 70-1/2 years of age may make direct transfers of up to $100,000 per year from a traditional IRA to an eligible charity without increasing their taxable income. Consult your tax advisor or accountant to make certain you are eligible.

AMSAT is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit educational and scientific organization whose purpose is to design, construct, launch, and operate satellites in space and to provide the support needed to encourage amateurs to utilize these resources. AMSAT's federal tax ID is 52-0888529.

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Open Source 'APRS to Discord' Bridge Project Begins Testing

Harold Giddings, KR0SIV, reports on an on-going open source project called the 'APRS to Discord bridge'. The Discord network supports text and voice chat, project documentation and source code for dev- elopers, gamers, and makers in an open source environment. For more information about the Discord network see https://discordapp.com/

The APRS to Discord bridge, by Alexandre Rouma (@WhatsTheGeekYT on twitter), is designed to connect APRS traffic from terrestrial and spacecraft sources with user's servers on the Discord network. The software, still under development, is pretty simple at the moment but will be open source (Node.js). The design will allow amateur radio groups to set up their own node for bridging an APRS callsign/message to their discord server. It is written in a way that requires the bot operator to validate amateur operators with a special role in Discord preventing illicit use by non-licensed operators.

Source code can be found here: https://github.com/AlexandreRouma/aprs_bridge https://github.com/AlexandreRouma/npm-aprs-parser

Harold also hosts the SDR-centric 'Signals Everywhere' channel on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/signalseverywhere

[ANS thanks Harold Giddings, KR0SIV, for the above information]

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ARISS Activities

+ Lakeside Elementary School, West Point, UT, telebridge via IK1SLD   Contact was successful: Mon 2019-11-18

+ Istituto San Paolo delle Suore Angeliche, Milano, Italy and   Istituto Comprensivo Di Merone – Mons. A. Pirovano, Merone, Italy,   telebridge via W6SRJ   Contact was successful: Thu 2019-11-21

+ MAOU Lyceum No. 39, Nizhny Tagil, Russia, direct via TBD   The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be RSØISS   The scheduled astronaut is Alexander Skvortsov   Contact is go for 2011-11-30 14:15 UTC

A reminder that the deadline to submit proposals for ARISS contacts to be scheduled between July 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 is coming up on November 30, 2019. For more information visit https://www.ariss.org/

Possible RSØISS - Inter MAI-75 SSTV activity is tentatively planned for Dec 14 – 15, 2019. Details will follow later, the organization of this SSTV event depends on the necessary EVA activities. No SSTV can take place during EVA activities.

[ANS thanks Charlie Sufana, AJ9N, and David Jordan, AA4KN, ARISS opera- tion team members, for the above information]

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Purchase AMSAT Gear on our Zazzle storefront.          25% of the purchase price of each product goes            towards Keeping Amateur Radio in Space              https://www.zazzle.com/amsat_gear

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Upcoming Satellite Operations

Nunavut, Canada (ER60) November 11 - December 6, 2019 The Eureka Amateur Radio Club, VY0ERC, will be on station, the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, November 6th through Dec- ember 11th.  They have some house keeping duties to perform on arrival and just before they leave, not to mention that it's wicked cold up there (-25 to -35C not counting windchill), so keep an eye on the VY0ERC twitter feed for announcements on when they plan to step out- side: https://twitter.com/vy0erc

Key West (EL94) December 3-6, 2019 Tanner, W9TWJ, will be vacationing in Key West December 3rd - 6th. Key word is vacation, but he will jump on some FM satellite passes to act- ivate EL94 for those that need it or just want to chat. Watch Tanner's Twitter feed for further announcements: https://twitter.com/twjones85

Hawaii (BK19, BK28, BK29, BL20) December 21-28, 2019 Alex, N7AGF, is heading back to Hawaii over Christmas. This will be a holiday-style activation, with special empahasis on the grid that got away - BK28. Keep an eye on Alex's Twitter feed for further announce- ments: https://twitter.com/N7AGF

Please submit any additions or corrections to ke4al (at) amsat.org

[ANS thanks Robert Bankston, KE4AL, AMSAT VP - User Services, for the above information]

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AMSAT, along with our ARISS partners, is developing an amateur    radio package, including two-way communication capability, to          be carried on-board Gateway in lunar orbit.   Support AMSAT's projects today at https://www.amsat.org/donate/

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The Voyage Home: Japan's Hayabusa-2 Probe Heads Back to Earth By Kyoko Hasegawa - Tokyo

Japan's Hayabusa-2 mission to the asteroid Ryugu received its orders to head for home on Wednesday, November 13. Next, on November 18 it broke free of the asteroid's gravity. It will fire its main engines early next month en route to Earth, JAXA said.

Hayabusa-2 is carrying samples that could shed light on the origins of the Solar System. It took the probe three-and-a-half years to get to the asteroid but the return journey should be significantly short- er because Earth and Ryugu will be much closer due to their current positions.

Ryugu's orbit ranges from .96 AU to 1.41 AU with a period of 474 days, coming within just 95,400 km of Earth at its closest (just 1/4 LD), but is currently 1.7 AU away. Hayabusa will spend the next year clos- ing that distance to Earth and will eject its sample capsule into the atmosphere in December 2020. After the departure burn Hayabusa-2 had changed it's orbit to a 0.96 x 1.41 AU x 5.9 deg heliocentric orbit.

Hayabusa-2 is expected to drop the samples off in the South Austral- ian desert. Under the current plan, Hayabusa-2 will boldly continue its journey in space after dropping off its capsule to Earth, and might "carry out another asteroid exploration," according to JAXA.

Access the full article (and photo) at: https://tinyurl.com/ANS-328-Hyabusa-Coming-Home

[ANS thanks SpaceDaily.com for the above information]

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Satellite Shorts From All Over

+ AMSAT has received the sad news on the passing of Brian Kantor,   WB6CYT (SK). Brian was one of the co-founders (with Phil Karn,   KA9Q) of AMPRnet, the TCP/IP over amateur radio network. Brian   continued to manage it until his passing. Brian recently creat-   ed and served as chair and CEO of Amateur Radio Digital Commun-   ications (ARDC), a charitable foundation funded by the sale of   unused AMPRnet IPv4 addresses.  ARDC promotes STEM education and   amateur radio digital development through scholarships and by   funding the development of open source hardware and software.   Brian will be sorely missed and impossible to replace. Memorial   arrangements will be announced when known. via Phil Karn, KA9Q)

+ UniverseToday.com notes the contribution of Daniel Estévez, EA4GPZ,   with the location of the impact site of China's Longjiang-2 satel-   lite on the moon: https://tinyurl.com/ANS-328-EA4GPZ-LunarImpact   The article notes, "Among amateur astronomists and citizen scient-   ists, Daniel Estévez is a well-known figure. In addition to being   an amateur radio operator with a PhD in Mathematics and a BSc in   Computer Science, Estévez is also an amateur spacecraft tracker."   (via UniverseToday.com)

+ Roland Hesmondhalg spoke on public radio station WFIT with FL Tech   Professor Ken Ernandes, N2WWD, and two senior students Luiz Fernando   Leal and Antonio Masturzo about the amateur radio project on the ISS.   Did you know you can use amateur radio to talk to astronauts in space?   Ken Ernandes is part of the team building the next upgraded communi-   cation station to be flown on the ISS this coming year. The program   is primarily intended by NASA to promote STEAM in schools. There is   an application process to get a scheduled school contact and he   would be happy to work with any body on the application process.   Listen on the link at: https://tinyurl.com/ANS-328-WFIT-Interview

+ NASA released their latest software catalog offering FREE NASA   Technology software packages that are applicable to academic   research, engineering development, business applications & more!   NASA Press Release: https://tinyurl.com/ANS-328-NASA-Software-Press   Access the software at: http://software.nasa.gov

+ Explore student STEM opportunities, downloads, mission information   and Artemis Student Challenges on NASA's STEM Engagement pages at:   https://www.nasa.gov/stem/artemis.html - then - try your hand at   driving a Mars rover: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/explore-mars/en/

+ John Brier, KG4AKV, wrote, "A woman in Israel recently contacted   me about including some of my videos in a video she was going to   make about how to view the ISS. Well, she just uploaded that video   and I have to say, it is pretty good:   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laQ9VEJJmpU   (To turn on English subtitles while viewing YouTube on the web/   desktop, click the CC button in the bottom right corner of the   video. On mobile, tap the three dots in the top right and then   tap captions) - via John Brier, KG4AKV

+ Paul Wade, W1GHZ, author of the W1GHZ Microwave Antenna Book says   he has added an update of Chapter 7, Slot Antennas, and included   an improved 32-bit version of the HDL_ANT program for Windows 7   and 10. Access the book at: http://w1ghz.org/antbook/preface.htm   Click on the 'Table of Contents' link to continue.   (Paul Wade, W1GHZ via the microwave list)

+ Scott Manley posted a video showing the effect if all satellites   in orbit were visible. There are over ten thousand satellites in   orbit, but only the largest ones in low earth orbit are visible   in the hours just after sunset and before sunrise. What would the   sky look like if you could see everything in space? He took satel-   lite data and rendered a view of the night sky for an 'average'   viewer in North America. View the satellites at:   https://youtu.be/dJNGi-bt9NM%C2%A0 (via Scott Manley's YouTube channel   https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxzC4EngIsMrPmbm6Nxvb-A )

+ Voyager's transmitters use just 23 watts, roughly the same as an   incandescent refrigerator bulb, yet we are able to interpret the   0.1 billion-billionth of a Watt that makes it to earth from 11   billion kilometers away. An article at wired.com explains:   https://www.wired.com/2013/09/vintage-voyager-probes/

+ AMSAT-LU (Argentina) plans to operate their WSPR buoy when it is   deployed between November 25 through December 12, weather condi-   tion permitting. The WSPR beacon will transmit on 14.095,6 MHz   with 900 mW, callsign LU7AA. The beacon will be active for 2 min-   utes ON followed with 8 minutes of standby. They appreciate WSPR   reception reports to wsprnet.org which will qualify you for an   award certificate: http://lu7aa.org.ar/wspr.asp%C2%A0%C2%A0 AMSAT-LU Buoy   Project page can be found at: http://amsat.org.ar/?f=boya   APRS tracking can be found at:  http://aprs.fi?call=lu7aa-8

+ Versions 1.46 and 1.47 (to address a bug fix) of the Magic-Eye   Plugin for SDRSharp has been released: https://github.com/BlackApple62/SDRSharp-Magic-Eye-Plugin/releases   This plug-in adds an old-style "Magic Eye", or "Cat's Eye" to SDR#   software (available via www.airspy.com) This release adds an analog-   style SNR Meter. This Plugin, is compiled for 32bit platform, with   .NET Framework version 4.6. It may not run on SDR# versions older   than r1362 (14 Sept 2015) - via airspy.com and GitHub

+ If you've been kept up at night trying to find a solution to the   chaotic three-body problem access a paper, "Newton vs the machine:   solving the chaotic three-body problem using deep neural networks"   from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07291 - and if you're not sure   what is the significance of this check out an explanation posted   at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem

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In addition to regular membership, AMSAT offers membership in the President's Club. Members of the President's Club, as sustaining donors to AMSAT Project Funds, will be eligible to receive addi- tional benefits. Application forms are available from the AMSAT Office.

Primary and secondary school students are eligible for membership at one-half the standard yearly rate. Post-secondary school students enrolled in at least half time status shall be eligible for the stu- dent rate for a maximum of 6 post-secondary years in this status. Contact Martha at the AMSAT Office for additional student membership information.

73 and remember to behave and to help keep amateur radio in space, This week's ANS Editor, JoAnne Maenpaa, K9JKM k9jkm at amsat dot org