There has been a lot of discussion about AO-10, 13, and 40 (and maybe others) with various kinds of apogee kick motors (and inclination changers etc). Rather than fanning any flames, I just want to ask a question: If you have a motor of a few hundred Newtons, how to you keep the attitude stable during the burn? For that matter, how do you get the attitude correct for the start of the burn? I would not think that electromagnets operating against the earth's magnetic field would have enough power with such a large motor. Obviously it depends on the balance of the satellite relative to the position of the kick motor, but still...was the balance really good enough to allow magnetic attitude control? Was it active (i.e. with feedback)? Does that imply a rate gyro? (No MEMS then, I suppose).
Thanks in advance for the technical history lesson...
73,
Burns W2BFJ