- AMSAT-BB - mailman.amsat.org

Packet Satellite Gateways?
by Charles J. Hargrove 05 Jun '24

05 Jun '24

In the past there used to be ground stations acting as a satellite gateway to the store-and-forward birds. I am having some difficulty find which birds are still active that can serve this function. Could somebody point me to the latest information on this? Thanks. -- Charles J. Hargrove - N2NOV NYC-ARECS/RACES Citywide Radio Officer/Skywarn Coord. NYC-ARECS/RACES Nets 441.100/136.5 PL ARnewsline Broadcast Mon. @ 8:00PM NYC-ARECS Weekly Net Mon. @ 8:30PM http://www.nyc-arecs.org NY-NBEMS Net Saturdays @ 10AM & USeast-NBEMS Net Wednesdays @ 7PM on 7.036 Mhz USB (alt 3.536)/1500 hz waterfall spot; MFSK-16 or 32 "Information is the oxygen of the modern age. It seeps through the walls topped by barbed wire, it wafts across the electrified borders." - Ronald Reagan "The more corrupt the state, the more it legislates." - Tacitus "Molann an obair an fear" - Irish Saying (The work praises the man.) "No matter how big and powerful government gets, and the many services it provides, it can never take the place of volunteers." - Ronald Reagan

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Re: Tower mounted preamp
by Puneit Singh 05 Jun '24

05 Jun '24

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Tower mounted preamp
by Kyle Chavis 05 Jun '24

05 Jun '24

In need of a 70cm tower mounted preamp that can handle 100 watts or more. Also looking for 2 meters, both for satellite. Rig is a Icom IC-9700. Thanks, Kyle, WA4PGM

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TEVEL-6
by david.greenberg 04 Jun '24

04 Jun '24

Hello All, TEVEL-6 FM transponder has been activated, starting from today 04.06.24 08:41U for 72 hours.73,David 4X1DGנשלח מה-Galaxy שלי

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Upcoming ARISS Contact Schedule as of 2024-06-03 19:30 UTC
by aj9n＠aol.com 03 Jun '24

03 Jun '24

Upcoming ARISS Contact Schedule as of 2024-06-03 19:30 UTC Quick list of scheduled contacts and events: Aznakaevsky district schools of the Tatarstan Republic, Russia, direct via RC4P The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be RSØISS The downlink frequency is presently scheduled to be 145.800 MHz The latest information on the operation mode can be found at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html The scheduled crewmember is Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE The ARISS mentor is RV3DR Contact was successful for Fri 2024-05-31 12:27 UTC (***) Pugachev Center For The Development Of Creativity Of Children And Youth In The Saratov Region, Pugachev, Russia, direct via R4DS (***) The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be RSØISS The downlink frequency is presently scheduled to be 145.800 MHz The latest information on the operation mode can be found at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html The scheduled crewmember is Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE The ARISS mentor is RV3DR Contact was successful for Mon 2024-06-03 10:01 UTC (***) Belmont Elementary School, Woodbridge, VA, direct via KM4TAY The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be NA1SS The downlink frequency is presently scheduled to be 145.800 MHz The latest information on the operation mode can be found at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html The scheduled crewmember is Jeanette Epps KF5QNU The ARISS mentor is AA4KN Contact was successful: Mon 2024-06-03 16:03:00 UTC 62 deg (***) Agrupamento de Escolas Dr. Serafim Leite, São João da Madeira, Portugal, direct via CS2ASL The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be OR4ISS The downlink frequency is presently scheduled to be 145.800 MHz The latest information on the operation mode can be found at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html The scheduled crewmember is Matthew Dominick KCØTOR The ARISS mentor is IKØUSO Contact is go for: Thu 2024-06-06 10:33:44 UTC 58 deg Watch for Livestream at https://www.youtube.com/live/15Na--NoW1Y The radio to be used for this contact is in the Service Module, so you might note a different signal level. (***) The crossband repeater continues to be active. If any crewmember is so inclined, all they have to do is pick up the microphone, raise the volume up, and talk on the crossband repeater. So give a listen, you just never know. Note, all times are approximate. It is recommended that you do your own orbital prediction or start listening about 10 minutes before the listed time. All dates and times listed follow International Standard ISO 8601 date and time format YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS The complete schedule page has been updated as of 2024-06-03 19:30 UTC. (***) Here you will find a listing of all scheduled school contacts, and questions, other ISS related websites, IRLP and Echolink websites, and instructions for any contact that may be streamed live. https://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/arissnews.rtf https://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/arissnews.txt The successful school list has been updated as of 2024-06-03 19:30 UTC. (***) https://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/Successful_ARISS_schools.rtf ####################################################################################################################################### Comments on making general contacts I have been seeing a lot of traffic on Facebook and I suspect on other social media sites with people asking why they are not hearing the crew make general contacts. First off the crew is very busy on the ISS and they simply may not have the time to just pick up the microphone and talk. Also, one needs to be aware of their normal daily schedule. I have listed below the constraints that we at ARISS have to follow in order to schedule the school contacts. Hopefully this will help you better schedule your opportunities. Typical daily schedule Wakeup to Workday start= 1.5 hours Workday start to Workday end=12 hours Workday end to Sleep= 2 hours Sleep to wakeup= 8.5 hours The crew's usual waking period is 07:30 – 19:30 UTC. The most common times to find a crew member making casual periods are about one hour after waking up and about an hour before sleeping, when they have personal time. They're usually free most of the weekend, as well. SSTV events are not that often. So please check out https://www.ariss.org/ for the latest information or watch for the ARISS announcements. And don’t forget that the packet system is sometimes active. Check the status at https://www.ariss.org/ or http://www.issfanclub.eu to see if the packet system is active or not. As always, if there is an EVA, a docking, or an undocking; the ARISS radios are turned off as part of the safety protocol. The latest information on the operation mode can be found at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html The latest list of frequencies in use can be found at https://www.ariss.org/contact-the-iss.html ######################################################################################################################################## A multi-point telebridge contact means that each student will be on the telebridge from their own home. **************************************************************************************************************************************** ARISS is very aware of the impact that COVID-19 is having on schools and the public in general. As such, we may have last minute cancellations or postponements of school contacts. As always, I will try to provide everyone with near-real-time updates. Watch for future COVID-19 related announcements at https://www.ariss.org/ The following schools have now been postponed or cancelled due to COVID-19: Postponed: No new schools Cancelled: No new schools **************************************************************************************************************************************** The ARISS webpage is at https://www.ariss.org/ Note that there are links to other ARISS websites from this site. The main page for Applying to Host a Scheduled Contact may be found at https://www.ariss.org/apply-to-host-an-ariss-contact.html +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ARISS Contact Applications (United States) Call for Proposals The next proposal window for US schools and educational organizations to host an Amateur Radio contact with a crew member on board the ISS opens April 8, 2024 for contacts to be scheduled for January 1, 2025 – June 30, 2025. This proposal window is due to ARISS by May 19, 2024 at 11:59 PM Pacific Time. Proposal information and more details such as expectations, proposal guidelines and the proposal form can be found at www.ariss.org. Find more information and proposal instructions, visit the ARISS-USA website at: https://ariss-usa.org/hosting-an-ariss-contact-in-the-usa/ Please direct any questions to ariss.us.education(a)gmail.com. For future proposal information and more details such as expectations, proposal guidelines and proposal form, and dates and times of Information Webinars, go to www.ariss.org. About ARISS: Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) is a cooperative venture of international amateur radio societies and the space agencies that support the International Space Station (ISS). In the United States, sponsors are the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation (AMSAT), the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the ISS National Lab and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The primary goal of ARISS is to promote exploration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEAM) topics by organizing scheduled contacts via amateur radio between crew members aboard the ISS and students in classrooms or public forms. Before and during these radio contacts, students, educators, parents, and communities learn about space, space technologies, and amateur radio. For more information, see www.ariss.org. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ARISS Contact Applications (Europe, Africa and the Middle East) Schools and Youth organizations in Europe, Africa and the Middle East interested in setting up an ARISS radio contact with an astronaut on board the International Space Station are invited to submit an application from September to October and from February to April. Please refer to details and the application form at www.ariss-eu.org/school-contacts. Applications should be addressed by email to: school.selection.manager(a)ariss-eu.org ARISS Contact Applications (Canada, Central and South America, Asia and Australia and Russia) +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Organizations outside the United States can apply for an ARISS contact by filling out an application. Please direct questions to the appropriate regional representative listed below. If your country is not specifically listed, send your questions to the nearest ARISS Region listed. If you are unsure which address to use, please send your question to the ARISS-Canada representative; they will forward your question to the appropriate coordinator. For the application, go to: https://www.ariss.org/ariss-application.html. ARISS-Canada and the Americas, except USA: Steve McFarlane, VE3TBD email to: ve3tbd(a)gmail.com ARISS-Japan, Asia, Pacific and Australia: Satoshi Yasuda, 7M3TJZ email to: ariss(a)iaru-r3.org, Japan Amateur Radio League (JARL) https://www.jarl.org/ ARISS-Russia: Soyuz Radioljubitelei Rossii (SRR) https://srr.ru/ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ARISS is always glad to receive listener reports for the above contacts. ARISS thanks everyone in advance for their assistance. Feel free to send your reports to aj9n(a)amsat.org or aj9n(a)aol.com. Listen for the ISS on the downlink of 145.8Ø MHz unless otherwise noted. ******************************************************************************* All ARISS contacts are made via the Kenwood radio unless otherwise noted. ******************************************************************************* Several of you have sent me emails asking about the RAC ARISS website and not being able to get in. That has now been changed to https://www.ariss.org/ Note that there are links to other ARISS websites from this site. **************************************************************************** Looking for something new to do? How about receiving DATV from the ISS? Please note that the HamTV system is back on board but awaiting re-installation. Please monitor ARISS-EU or ARISS-ON for the very latest news on the troubleshooting efforts. If interested, then please go to the ARISS-EU website for complete details. Look for the buttons indicating Ham Video. http://www.ariss-eu.org/ If you need some assistance, ARISS mentor Kerry N6IZW, might be able to provide some insight. Contact Kerry at kbanke(a)sbcglobal.net The HamTV webpage: https://www.amsat-on.be/hamtv-summary/ **************************************************************************** ARISS congratulates the following mentors who have now mentored over 100 schools: Sergey RV3DR with 239 (***) Francesco IKØWGF with 154 Satoshi 7M3TJZ with 150 Gaston ON4WF with 124 Peter IN3GHZ with 118 Steve VE3TBD with 106 **************************************************************************** The webpages listed below were all reviewed for accuracy. Out of date webpages were removed, and new ones have been added. If there are additional ARISS websites I need to know about, please let me know. Total number of ARISS ISS to earth school events is 1729. (***) Each school counts as 1 event. Total number of ARISS ISS to earth school contacts is 1634. (***) Each contact may have multiple schools sharing the same time slot. Total number of ARISS supported terrestrial contacts is 48. Please feel free to contact me if more detailed statistics are needed. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The following US states and entities have never had an ARISS contact: South Dakota, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas Islands, and the Virgin Islands. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ QSL information may be found at: https://www.ariss.org/qsl-cards.html ISS callsigns: DPØISS, FXØISS, GB1SS, IRØISS, NA1SS, OR4ISS, RSØISS **************************************************************************** Frequency chart for packet, voice, and crossband repeater modes showing Doppler correction as of 2005-07-29 04:00 UTC https://www.amsat.org/amsat/ariss/news/ISS_frequencies_and_Doppler_correcti… Check out the Zoho reports of the ARISS contacts https://reports.zoho.com/ZDBDataSheetView.cc?DBID=412218000000020415 **************************************************************************** Exp. 70 on orbit Oleg Kononenko Nikolay Chub Exp. 71 on orbit Tracy E. Caldwell Dyson SpaceX Crew-8 on orbit Matthew Dominick KCØTOR Mike Barratt KD5MIJ Jeanette Epps KF5QNU Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE **************************************************************************** 73, Charlie Sufana AJ9N One of the ARISS operation team mentors

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Re: Has anyone used the StarTech ICUSB232FTN to have SatPC32 control a Yaesu FT-847
by aj9n＠aol.com 02 Jun '24

02 Jun '24

Hi all, Finally figured out what the issue was; but first to answer the questions and comments I got from several of you. Thanks to all for sending in a reply. 1. In answer to Alan's (WA4SCA) question: I actually have 2 FT-847 radios and I knew about the serial number versus the bi-directional CAT issue and once I dug through all of my notes I found your decoder for the serial number. I bought my first one new in 2000 and it had a serial number of 0G340454; the second one I bought used and has a serial number of 0M450025. So if I understand everything correctly, the build year was 2000. So that didn't seem to be the issue. Alan also asked if I am using a tuner; nope. No tuner. 2. In answer to Charlie's (KB8CR) and also Bill's (VE3NXK) question about baud rate being used in the radio: I did play with the baud rate to match what the Comm port and SatPC32 were set for. And I always went slower until something worked and then tried higher speeds. Eventually I was able to get things to work correctly at 9600. More on this in a bit. 3. In answer to Pedro's (LU7ABF) comments: I was able to get things to work correctly but I will take a look at the 2 links you sent. Something to play with in the future. 4. In response to Bob's (KB3PMR) comment: Your suggestion to call StarTech was going to be on the list for Monday if I didn't get things to work. Sounds like they were helpful with your questions. 5. And in response to Paulo's (PV8DX) suggestions: Although you have a different radio than mine, the suggestions were helpful. The most helpful was the screen shot of the Comm port settings that you were using; more in a moment. In addition to the StarTech cable, I also tried an older USBGear adapter that I have. At first, both cables were showing the same issue. Finally I decided to try my RTSystems software and the USB-65 cable to see if I could just talk to both radios. Yep, I could talk to both radios with no issue and was able to download the previously loaded memories. I was worried that the serial interface inside the radios had gotten damaged somehow. At that point I took a look at what Comm port settings the USB-65 cable was using. In my case, once I plugged it in. it used Port 5, 9600 bps 8 bits No parity 1 stop bit. I had been trying to use 2 stop bits based on what the FT-847 manual (0008J-MK) was indicating what the CAT byte uses. Once I changed to using 1 stop bit, everything worked just fine. So it was probably me not understanding the manual correctly. I did try to use 57600 but the radios just didn't seem to respond and never went into CAT control, so I went back to 9600. For those that might have the RTSystems cables, it worked just fine also with SatPC32 and the FT-847. The USB-65 cable is not just for programming the radio but can be used for other things. So basically I have 3 different USB/Serial adaptercables I can use for CAT control. Thanks again everyone. It has been quite a while since I tried using CAT control and had to get back into the groove for the end of June for Field Day. 73,Charlie Sufana AJ9NOne of the ARISS mentors In a message dated 2024-05-31 15:54:15 Eastern Daylight Time, amsat-bb(a)amsat.org writes: Hi all, I am trying to use a newly purchased StarTech ICUSB232FTN (1 port FTDI USB to RS232 Null Modem Adapter) to have SatPC32 control my Yaesu FT-847. For whatever reason, I have not been able to get SatPC32 to control the radio. Has anyone had experience with using this adapter that might have a few tips to pass along? I don't know if it is the adapter itself or a step I might have missed in getting SatPC32 and the FT-847 to work. The adapter when plugged in thinks it is in Com4 so I set SatPC32 to be in Com4 with a delay of 20 and baud rate of 57600. I have also adjusted the radio to use 57600 and have adjusted Com4 to be 57600. But it could be some other settings would work better, so I am open to suggestions. I am using Windows 10 and version 12.8d of SatPC32. Thanks in advance. 73,Charlie Sufana AJ9N ----------------------------------------------------------- Sent via AMSAT-BB(a)amsat.org. AMSAT-NA makes this open forum available to all interested persons worldwide without requiring membership. Opinions expressed are solely those of the author, and do not reflect the official views of AMSAT-NA. Acceptable Use and Privacy Policies available at https://www.amsat.org/about-amsat/ View archives of this mailing list at https://mailman.amsat.org/hyperkitty/list/[email protected] To unsubscribe send an email to amsat-bb-leave(a)amsat.org Manage all of your AMSAT-NA mailing list preferences at https://mailman.amsat.org

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ANS-154 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins
by Mitch Ahrenstorff (AD0HJ) 02 Jun '24

02 Jun '24

AMSAT NEWS SERVICE ANS-154 In this edition: * Last Remaining CubeSatSim Kits Available in AMSAT Store * Setting Up Your Own Satellite Ground Station with SatNOGS * SpaceX Aims for Successful Reentry in Fourth Starship Test Flight * GridMasterMap Satellite Top 100 Rovers June 2024 Rankings * Changes to AMSAT-NA TLE Distribution for May 31, 2024 * ARISS News * Upcoming Satellite Operations * Hamfests, Conventions, Maker Faires, and Other Events * Satellite Shorts From All Over The AMSAT News Service bulletins are a free, weekly news and information service of AMSAT, the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation. ANS publishes news related to Amateur Radio in Space including reports on the activities of a worldwide group of Amateur Radio operators who share an active interest in designing, building, launching and communicating through analog and digital Amateur Radio satellites. The news feed on https://www.amsat.org publishes news of Amateur Radio in Space as soon as our volunteers can post it. Please send any amateur satellite news or reports to: ans-editor [at] amsat.org You can sign up for free e-mail delivery of the AMSAT News Service Bulletins via the ANS List; to join this list see: https://mailman.amsat.org/postorius/lists/ans.amsat.org/ ANS-154 AMSAT News Service Weekly Bulletins To: All RADIO AMATEURS From: Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation 712 H Street NE, Suite 1653 Washington, DC 20002 DATE 2024 Jun 02 ________________________________ Last Remaining CubeSatSim Kits Available in AMSAT Store The final batch of CubeSatSim Kits are now available for purchase have completely sold out in the AMSAT Store. As of Saturday, June 1 at 1600 UTC, these kits are on sale were on sale for $400, including shipping to U.S. addresses. Offering a hands-on experience, the CubeSatSim Kit requires minimal soldering and assembly, making it accessible for both educational and public demonstration purposes. Watch for announcements of future availability of the CubeSatSim Kits from AMSAT. Editor’s Note: The last available CubeSatSim Kit was purchased around 1815 UTC on Saturday June 1st. Article was left in this week’s ANS to share updated information on the CubeSatSim project. The CubeSatSim Kit includes: * Fully assembled and tested PCBs (STEM Payload, Solar, and Battery Boards) * Raspberry Pi Zero WH with a Pi Camera and fully programmed micro-SD card, along with a fully programmed Raspberry Pi Pico WH * AMSAT logo Remove Before Flight tag switch * 3D printed frame, nylon screws, and nuts, with a mini screwdriver included for assembly * Metal standoffs, stacking headers, and JST jumpers for stacking the PCBs and Pi Zero WH * 10 solar panels with JST connectors and mounting tape, requiring minimal soldering * BME280 sensor (pressure, temperature, altitude, humidity) and MPU6050 IMU/gyro with male pin headers for easy socket connection * Two 6″ SMA coax cables and two SMA antennas The kit also comes with an instruction sheet, parts inventory, and links to online instructions. Assembly time is estimated to be under two hours, with a soldering iron, solder, scissors, and the provided mini screwdriver required. [cid:[email protected]]<https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/CubeSatSim-Kit-C…> Limited quantities of the CubeSatSim Kit are now available from the AMSAT Store. [Credit: Alan Johnston, KU2Y] The latest Beta v1.3 CubeSatSim features improvements over v1.2, such as an FM transceiver, Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller, and RF command and control. It can also be modified to function as a 500mW high altitude balloon payload. For those interested in creating their own CubeSatSim, Beta v1.3 blank PCB sets are available at the AMSAT Store for $35. These require additional components, which can be purchased for approximately $300 using the provided Bill of Materials. For detailed updates, visit: https://www.amsat.org/amsat-cubesatsim-beta-release-v1-3/ Additional resources include: * Kit Instructions https://cubesatsim.org/kit-beta * Kit Videos https://cubesatsim.org/kit-videos-beta * Discussion Forum https://github.com/alanbjohnston/CubeSatSim/discussions * Quick Start Guide https://cubesatsim.org/qsg-beta For more information or to borrow a loaner CubeSat Simulator, contact Alan Johnston, AMSAT VP Educational Relations, at ku2y [at] arrl.net. How to Order Kits will be sold exclusively on the AMSAT Store website. Only U.S. shipping addresses are eligible; orders with non-U.S. addresses will be refunded and closed. About CubeSatSim CubeSatSim is a low-cost satellite emulator powered by solar panels and batteries. It transmits UHF radio telemetry and can be expanded with additional sensors and modules, making it ideal for educational and public demonstrations. Get Involved During the beta period, purchasers are encouraged to test the new hardware and software and provide feedback on the instructions and documentation. Past purchasers of the CubeSatSim v1 PCB board sets are eligible for a free upgrade to the v1.3 set of PCB boards by contacting ku2y [at] arrl.net. [ANS thanks Alan Johnston, KU2Y, AMSAT Vice President Educational Relations for the above information] ________________________________ Setting Up Your Own Satellite Ground Station with SatNOGS Robert Theiss, W5ITR, had the pleasure of interviewing Dan White, ADØCQ, from the Libre Space Foundation at the 2024 Dayton Hamvention about their innovative SatNOGS project. This initiative enables anyone to set up a satellite ground station, collect valuable data, and contribute to global satellite operations. You can watch the interview here on the Digital Rancher YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edNfD_YXZps Dan explained that SatNOGS provides detailed blueprints and documentation for building a satellite ground station from scratch. The foundation offers the necessary software, identifies accessible hardware, and maintains the infrastructure that allows citizen scientists to engage in satellite-related sciences. Their vision of making outer space open and accessible through open-source technology is truly inspiring. Setting up a basic SatNOGS station is surprisingly straightforward. All you need is a Raspberry Pi and an RTL-SDR dongle. Dan explained the process: the Libre Space Foundation provides a ready-to-use image for the Raspberry Pi, which includes the operating system and necessary configurations. You just create an account, register your station, and schedule a test observation. [cid:[email protected]] Robert Theiss, W5ITR, interviews Dan White, ADØCQ, with Libre Space at the 2024 Dayton Hamvention. [Credit: Robert Theiss, W5ITR] For those looking to enhance their setup, SatNOGS offers extensive documentation on building antennas and integrating additional components like low noise amplifiers and band pass filters. Although they plan to offer kits in the future, you can currently follow the detailed instructions and suggested links available on the SatNOGS Wiki: https://wiki.satnogs.org. One of the most fascinating aspects of SatNOGS is its network of interconnected ground stations. Once your station is set up, it can schedule satellite passes and collect data, even while you're asleep. This data is shared across the network, allowing other users to access it, and vice versa. This system ensures continuous monitoring and data collection, maximizing the utility of each station. The SatNOGS community is highly active and supportive. The forums on the Libre Space Foundation’s website are a great resource for troubleshooting, sharing experiences, and staying updated on new satellite launches and developments. [cid:[email protected]]<https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SatNogs-UHF-Grou…> Dan White, ADØCQ explains the makeup of their SatNOGS Demonstration Ground Station. [Credit: Robert Theiss, W5ITR] For those interested in taking their ground station to the next level, SatNOGS supports more advanced setups with full azimuth and elevation rotators and larger antennas. These setups, while more costly, significantly increase data collection capabilities and overall performance. The Raspberry Pi used in the basic setup can interface with these advanced systems, allowing for automated tracking and data collection. Dan shared insights into practical aspects such as bandwidth requirements and equipment wear and tear. While the data collected by a SatNOGS station can be bandwidth-intensive, there are settings to optimize for lower bandwidth situations by disabling audio uploads. Additionally, proper setup and maintenance of antennas and rotators can ensure long-term operation without significant issues. The Libre Space Foundation and its SatNOGS project provide a unique opportunity for anyone interested in satellite and space communications to get involved. Their open-source approach and comprehensive support make it accessible even for beginners. Setting up your own satellite ground station is a rewarding experience, contributing to global space exploration and satellite communication. Check out the resources at https://satnogs.org and get involved! [ANS thanks Robert Theiss, W5ITR, for the above information] ________________________________ The 2024 AMSAT President’s Club coins are here now! Help Support GOLF and Fox Plus [cid:[email protected]] Join the AMSAT President's Club today and help Keep Amateur Radio in Space! https://www.amsat.org/join-the-amsat-presidents-club/ ________________________________ SpaceX Aims for Successful Reentry in Fourth Starship Test Flight SpaceX is targeting June 6th for the fourth test flight of its Starship megarocket, aiming to demonstrate the rocket’s ability to survive reentry, according to founder and CEO Elon Musk. This objective marks a crucial step in proving the reusability of the world's most powerful rocket, following three prior test flights that showcased its capacity to reach space. On May 20th, SpaceX carried out a crucial test by loading over 10 million pounds of super-cold methane and liquid oxygen propellants into the Super Heavy booster and the Starship upper stage. This practice countdown, which concluded before engine ignition, was one of the last major tests before the rocket's flight. Following the test, the launch team drained the propellants, and ground crews removed the Starship upper stage to perform additional work on its heat shield. The next steps include installing the rocket’s self-destruct mechanism, to be used if the vehicle deviates off course, and securing a commercial launch license from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The FAA is reviewing the results of SpaceX's previous Starship test flight in March, which was classified as a mishap after the vehicle lost control and disintegrated during reentry. SpaceX has requested the FAA approve the upcoming launch before the mishap investigation concludes, arguing that the previous flight did not pose a public safety risk. An FAA spokesperson indicated that this could expedite the licensing process if no public safety issues are identified. [cid:[email protected]]<https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SpaceX-Starship-…> SpaceX's fourth full-scale Starship rocket underwent a successful fueling test on May 20th. [Credit: SpaceX] Meanwhile, SpaceX is preparing hardware for multiple rockets scheduled to fly later this year and building additional launch sites in Texas and Florida to support an increased launch frequency. However, significant design challenges remain before Starship becomes fully operational. Unlike the March test flight, which included several experiments such as payload bay door operations and liquid oxygen transfer, the upcoming mission will concentrate on controlling the reentry of both the Super Heavy booster and the Starship upper stage. Both components broke apart during descent in the last flight. SpaceX aims for the Super Heavy booster, named Booster 11, to achieve a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico, while the Starship upper stage, known as Ship 29, will attempt to survive the extreme reentry conditions. The rocket is equipped with about 18,000 hexagonal heat-absorbing ceramic tiles to protect its stainless-steel structure during reentry, where temperatures can reach approximately 2,600°F (1,430°C). Musk has indicated that, assuming a successful splashdown, SpaceX could attempt landing a Super Heavy booster back at the Texas launch pad as early as the fifth test flight later this year. However, due to harsher reentry conditions from orbital velocity, landing the Starship upper stage might take longer. [cid:[email protected]]<https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Starship-Flight-…> Plasma buildup shown around Starship during Integrated Flight Test 3 on March 14, 2024. [Credit: SpaceX] NASA, which selected Starship to ferry astronauts to and from the Moon for its Artemis program, is closely monitoring these developments. A critical milestone for NASA is the in-orbit engine restart, necessary for guiding Starship towards controlled reentry and future lunar missions. While this capability will not be tested on the next flight, achieving reliable engine performance remains a primary focus. "For us, primarily, it's the successful light of those Raptor engines and achieving main stage with all of them on Booster 11," said Lisa Watson-Morgan, manager of NASA's Human Landing System. The next flight aims to ensure consistent engine performance, crucial for SpaceX and NASA's lunar ambitions. Reigniting Raptor engines in space is essential for future missions, but SpaceX is taking a step-by-step approach. "If we can't light all 33 engines on the booster, and if we can't light all six engines on the ship, then we're going to have trouble getting to where we need to go," Watson-Morgan said. "So it's basically a building-block approach." As SpaceX prepares for its fourth Starship test flight, the focus on surviving reentry represents a critical hurdle in its mission to develop a fully reusable rocket system capable of reaching, and returning from, space. [ANS thanks Stephen Clark, Ars Technica, for the above information] ________________________________ GridMasterMap Satellite Top 100 Rovers June 2024 Rankings The June 2024 rankings for the Top 100 Rovers (Mixed LEO/MEO/GEO) in satellite operations, as determined by @GridMasterMap<https://twitter.com/GridMasterMap> on Twitter, has been released. The ranking is determined by the number of grids and DXCC entities activated, taking into account only those grids where a minimum number of QSOs logged on the gridmaster.fr<https://gridmaster.fr/> website have been validated by a third party. Grid numbers do not directly reflect the exact number of activations. Satellite operators are encouraged to upload their LoTW satellite contacts to https://gridmaster.fr in order to provide more accurate data. Updated: 2024-06-01 1 ND9M 26 LU5ILA 51 W7WGC 76 FG8OJ 2 NJ7H 27 N5BO 52 EA4NF 77 HB9GWJ 3 JA9KRO 28 K8BL 53 AA5PK 78 PT9BM 4 N5UC 29 KE4AL 54 JL3RNZ 79 DF2ET 5 UT1FG 30 DL2GRC 55 SP5XSD 80 KI7UXT 6 OE3SEU 31 VE3HLS 56 AD7DB 81 KJ7NDY 7 DL6AP 32 KB5FHK 57 F4DXV 82 YU0W 8 WI7P 33 KI7UNJ 58 KE9AJ 83 WA9JBQ 9 DP0POL 34 LA9XGA 59 KI7QEK 84 N4DCW 10 N6UA 35 F4BKV 60 XE1ET 85 KB2YSI 11 K5ZM 36 JO2ASQ 61 N8RO 86 N0TEL 12 HA3FOK 37 N7AGF 62 KM4LAO 87 N6UTC 13 N9IP 38 XE3DX 63 VE1CWJ 88 VE3GOP 14 WY7AA 39 PA3GAN 64 SM3NRY 89 JM1CAX 15 W5PFG 40 K7TAB 65 N4UFO 90 K0FFY 16 AD0DX 41 KE0PBR 66 VA3VGR 91 CU2ZG 17 AK8CW 42 KI0KB 67 W1AW 92 KG4AKV 18 F5VMJ 43 PR8KW 68 VA7LM 93 VE7PTN 19 WD9EWK 44 KE0WPA 69 PT2AP 94 AF5CC 20 AD0HJ 45 VK5DG 70 DL4EA 95 VE6WK 21 DJ8MS 46 N6DNM 71 M1DDD 96 W8MTB 22 ON4AUC 47 EB1AO 72 W8LR 97 K6VHF 23 KX9X 48 AC0RA 73 LU4JVE 98 DK9JC 24 ND0C 49 JK2XXK 74 AA8CH 99 PT9ST 25 KG5CCI 50 N4AKV 75 VE1VOX 100 VO2AC [ANS thanks @GridMasterMap<https://twitter.com/GridMasterMap> for the above information] ________________________________ Need new satellite antennas? Purchase an M2 LEO-Pack from the AMSAT Store!<https://www.amsat.org/shop/> [https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/cm/LEO-Pack1-300x298.png]<https://www.amsat.org/product/m2-leo-pack-antenna-system/> When you purchase through AMSAT, a portion of the proceeds goes towards Keeping Amateur Radio in Space. https://amsat.org/product-category/hardware/ ________________________________ Changes to AMSAT-NA TLE Distribution for May 31, 2024 Two Line Elements or TLEs, often referred to as Keplerian elements or keps in the amateur community, are the inputs to the SGP4 standard mathematical model of spacecraft orbits used by most amateur tracking programs. Weekly updates are completely adequate for most amateur satellites. TLE bulletin files are updated daily in the first hour of the UTC day. New bulletin files will be posted immediately after reliable elements become available for new amateur satellites. More information may be found at https://www.amsat.org/keplerian-elements-resources/. The following satellites have been removed from this week's AMSAT-NA TLE distribution: + SO-114 NORAD Cat ID 51081 Decayed from orbit on or about 25 May 2024 + SO-115 NORAD Cat ID 51080 Decayed from orbit on or about 26 May 2024 + HODOYOSHI-1 NORAD Cat ID 40299 No Amateur Satellite Service payload [ANS thanks AMSAT Orbital Elements page for the above information] ________________________________ ARISS NEWS Amateurs and others around the world may listen in on contacts between amateurs operating in schools and allowing students to interact with astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station. The downlink frequency on which to listen is 145.800 MHz worldwide. + Recently Completed Contacts Children's Technopark "Quantorium", Obninsk, Russia, direct via TBD The ISS callsign was RSØISS The scheduled crewmember was Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE The ARISS mentor was RV3DR Contact was successful Mon 2024-05-27 14:10 UTC Aznakaevsky district of the Tatarstan Republic, Russia, direct via TBD The ISS callsign was RSØISS The scheduled crewmember was Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE The ARISS mentor is RV3DR Contact was successful 2024-05-31 Fri 12:30 UTC + Upcoming Contacts “Creativity Development Center” in Pugachev, Russia, direct via TBD The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be RSØISS The scheduled crewmember is Aleksandr Grebyonkin RZ3DSE The ARISS mentor is RV3DR Contact is go for 2024-06-03 10:00:00 UTC Belmont Elementary School, Woodbridge, VA, direct via KM4TAY The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be NA1SS The scheduled crewmember is Jeanette Epps KF5QNU The ARISS mentor is AA4KN Contact is go for: Mon 2024-06-03 16:03:00 UTC Agrupamento de Escolas Dr. Serafim Leite, São João da Madeira, Portugal, direct via CS2ASL The ISS callsign is presently scheduled to be OR4ISS The scheduled crewmember is Matthew Dominick KCØTOR The ARISS mentor is IKØUSO Contact is go for: Thu 2024-06-06 10:33:44 UTC Expect ISS radio outage for Progress 88 docking from May 31st 1720 UTC until June 2nd 1415 UTC. The crossband repeater continues to be active (145.990 MHz up {PL 67} & 437.800 MHz down). If any crewmember is so inclined, all they have to do is pick up the microphone, raise the volume up, and talk on the crossband repeater. So give a listen, you just never know. The packet system is also active (145.825 MHz up & down). As always, if there is an EVA, a docking, or an undocking; the ARISS radios are turned off as part of the safety protocol. Note, all times are approximate. It is recommended that you do your own orbital prediction or start listening about 10 minutes before the listed time. The latest information on the operation mode can be found at https://www.ariss.org/current-status-of-iss-stations.html The latest list of frequencies in use can be found at https://www.ariss.org/contact-the-iss.html [ANS thanks Charlie Sufana, AJ9N, one of the ARISS operation team mentors for the above information] ________________________________ Upcoming Satellite Operations G0ABI will activate grid square IN79 from the historic Lizard Wireless Station at Bass Point via GreenCube (IO-117) satellite on June 6th. Lizard Wireless Station is the site where Guglielmo Marconi conducted his pioneering wireless experiments in 1900. Marconi proved radio communication over the horizon by receiving a transmission from the Isle of Wight in 1901 and later received the first SOS call in 1910. His work at “The Lizard” led to the first transatlantic radio signal, paving the way for global wireless communication. Celebrate Marconi's legacy by making contact with G0ABI from this iconic location. For more details about the Lizard Wireless Station, visit https://shorturl.at/DMZ68. A growing number of satellite rovers are currently engaged in sharing their grid square activations on https://hams.at. By visiting the website, you gain easy access to comprehensive information about the operators responsible for activating specific grid squares. Additionally, you have the ability to assess the match score between yourself and a particular rover for a given pass, while also being able to identify the upcoming satellite passes that are accessible from your location. [ANS thanks Ian Parsons, K5ZM, AMSAT Rover Page Manager, for the above information] ________________________________ Hamfests, Conventions, Maker Faires, and Other Events AMSAT Ambassadors provide presentations, demonstrate communicating through amateur satellites, and host information tables at club meetings, hamfests, conventions, maker faires, and other events. "Moon Day" at the Frontiers of Flight Museum AMSAT and Amateur Radio satellites will be presented to the general public as part of this annual space themed STEAM event. Volunteers to help at the table space and to do contact demos are welcome. Contact tschuessler [at] amsat.org<http://amsat.org> for more information. July 20th, 2024 Dallas Love Field Airport 8008 Herb Kelleher Way Dallas, TX 75235 https://flightmuseum.com/events/ 38th Annual Small Satellite Conference August 3-8, 2024 Logan, UT, USA https://smallsat.org<https://smallsat.org/> Northeast HamXpostion August 22-25, 2024 Best Western Royal Plaza Hotel & Trade Center 181 Boston Post Road W Marlborough, MA 01752 2024 AMSAT Space Symposium and Annual General Meeting October 25-27, 2024 Doubletree by Hilton Tampa Rocky Point Waterfront 3050 North Rocky Point Drive West Tampa, FL 33607 [ANS thanks the AMSAT Events page for the above information] ________________________________ Want to fly the colors on your own grid expedition? Get an AMSAT car flag and other neat stuff from our Zazzle store<https://www.zazzle.com/store/amsat_gear>! 25% of the purchase price of each product goes towards Keeping Amateur Radio in Space [https://www.amsat.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/AMSAT-Car-Flag-e…]<https://www.zazzle.com/amsat_car_flag-256716714380264543> Keeping Amateur Radio in Space https://www.zazzle.com/amsat_gear ________________________________ Satellite Shorts From All Over + China's Chang'e 6 probe is set to land on the far side of the moon this weekend, aiming to return lunar samples to Earth. Launched on May 3, the robotic mission entered lunar orbit five days later and is targeting a touchdown on Saturday night, June 1st, for those in North America. The mission will study its landing area in the South Pole-Aitken Basin, collecting samples over three days before the ascent module returns to lunar orbit. These samples will be transferred to a return-to-Earth module, with a scheduled Earth landing on June 25. Once returned, the samples will be examined in Beijing and made available to the scientific community for research. This mission builds on the success of Chang'e 5, which returned 61 ounces of lunar material in 2020, and aims to provide insights into the moon's magmatic processes and mantle properties. (ANS thanks Leonard David, Space.com, for the above information) + Blue Origin resumed crewed spaceflights on May 19 after a nearly two-year hiatus following a rocket mishap in 2022, which left Virgin Galactic as the sole operator in the suborbital tourism market. Among the six passengers was Ed Dwight, a former Air Force pilot who had been poised to become NASA's first Black astronaut in the 1960s. Dwight, at 90 years old, became the oldest person to go to space, expressing the profound impact of the experience. Despite one of the capsule's parachutes failing to fully inflate, the mission was deemed a success, and all passengers returned safely. This flight marks the seventh human mission for Blue Origin, highlighting its ambitions for future space endeavors. The company has now flown 37 people aboard its New Shepard vehicle, named after the first American in space, Alan Shepard. (ANS thanks Issam Ahmed, Phys.org, for the above information) + Rocket Lab successfully launched a small Earth-observation satellite for NASA on May 25, marking the company's 48th liftoff. The Electron rocket lifted off from New Zealand at 3:41 a.m. EDT, carrying the first of two CubeSats for NASA's PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) mission. This satellite, deployed into orbit 53 minutes post-launch, will measure heat loss from Earth's polar regions, a critical factor in understanding climate change. A second PREFIRE satellite will launch within three weeks, with both CubeSats set to operate in 326-mile-high circular orbits. The PREFIRE mission aims to enhance climate models by systematically measuring thermal infrared radiation over the Arctic and Antarctica. Notably, Rocket Lab's Electron rocket, while designed for reusability, executed this mission without a recovery component. (ANS thanks Mike Wall, Space.com, for the above information) +Voyager 1 has resumed transmitting science data from two of its four operational instruments after a computer issue arose in November 2023. The mission team is working on recalibrating the remaining two instruments, with plans to complete this in the coming weeks. This progress follows a five-month troubleshooting effort, during which the spacecraft began sending back usable engineering data. On May 17, commands were successfully sent to the 46-year-old spacecraft, located over 15 billion miles from Earth, enabling it to resume sending science data. The plasma wave subsystem and magnetometer are now operational, while efforts continue on the cosmic ray subsystem and low energy charged particle instrument. Launched in 1977, Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, are NASA’s longest-operating spacecraft and the first to explore beyond the heliosphere, having flown by Jupiter, Saturn, and, in Voyager 2's case, Uranus and Neptune. (ANS thanks NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the above information) ________________________________ Join AMSAT today at https://launch.amsat.org/ In addition to regular membership, AMSAT offers membership to: * Societies (a recognized group, clubs or organization). * Primary and secondary school students are eligible for membership at one-half the standard yearly rate. * Post-secondary school students enrolled in at least half-time status shall be eligible for the student rate for a maximum of 6 post-secondary years in this status. * Memberships are available for annual and lifetime terms. Contact info [at] amsat.org for additional membership information. 73 and remember to help Keep Amateur Radio in Space! This week's ANS Editor, Mitch Ahrenstorff, ADØHJ ad0hj [at] amsat.org

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ARISS News Release 24-30
by David Jordan 01 Jun '24

01 Jun '24

ARISS News Release No. 24-30 DaveJordan, AA4KN ARISS PR aa4kn(a)amsat.org FORIMMEDIATE RELEASE ARISS Contact is Scheduled with Studentsat Belmont Elementary School, Woodbridge, Virginia,USA June 1, 2024—AmateurRadio on the International Space Station (ARISS) has received scheduleconfirmation for an ARISS radio contact between an astronaut aboard theInternational Space Station (ISS) and students at the Belmont Elementary Schoollocated in Woodbridge, VA. ARISS conducts 60-100 of these specialamateur radio contacts each year between students around the globe and crewmembers with ham radio licenses aboard the ISS. BelmontElementary is a public-school south of Washington DC with about 500 studentsfrom pre-kindergarten to 5th grade. Inpreparation for this ARISS contact, twelve of their 5th gradestudents are helping with logistical support for this school event. Studentshave been participating in activities that included; how astronauts work inspace during a spacewalk, how microgravity impacts life on the ISS, constructionof straw rockets, and launching a mock Mars lander. Members of the Woodbridge Wireless AmateurRadio Club are supporting the school during this event by conducting Technicianlevel classes for students, and providing hands-on activities relating to basicelectronics and amateur radio. This will be adirect contact via Amateur Radio allowing students to ask theirquestions of astronaut Jeanette Epps, amateur radio call sign KF5QNU. Thedownlink frequency for this contact is 145.800 MHz and may be heard bylisteners that are within the ISS-footprint that also encompasses the relayground station. The amateur radio ground station for this contact is in Woodbridge,VA. Amateur radio operators using call sign KM4TAY, will operate the groundstation to establish and maintain the ISS connection. The ARISS radiocontact is scheduled for June 3, 2024 at 12:03 pm EDT (VA) (16:03 UTC, 11:03 amCDT, 10:03 am MDT, 9:03 am PDT). Thepublic is invited to watch the live stream at: https://live.ariss.org/ and a possible backup link is https://www.youtube.com/@PWCSNews/streams _______________________________ As time allows,students will ask these questions: 1. What happensto sweat in space? 2. Do you everget allergies in space? 3. How do youcommunicate with your family? 4. When youhave free time, what do you do to pass the time? 5. What is yourfavorite thing to do in space? 6. Do you stillhave to learn Russian to be able to travel to the space station? 7. When you’resleeping in space, do you get claustrophobia or uncomfortable? 8. When you arelaunched up into space, does your blood pressure feel like its goes up to yourhead, like on a rollercoaster? 9. Canmicrogravity impact the human body in any harmful ways? 10. If you getmotion sickness, how do you deal with that? 11. How was thechange to life in zero gravity? 12. When youwere a kid, what was your dream job, and did you ever expect to be an astronautin the future? 13. How do youget oxygen in the Space Station? 14. What wouldhappen if you never worked out in space? How badly would your bones hurt? 15. Have youseen any natural disasters on Earth from the ISS? 16. Do you havemedicine for any sickness? 17. Where doyou put the trash? About ARISS: Amateur Radioon the International Space Station (ARISS) is a cooperative venture ofinternational amateur radio societies and the space agencies that support theISS. In the United States, sponsors are the American Radio Relay League (ARRL),Amateur Radio Digital Communications (ARDC), Radio Amateur SatelliteCorporation (AMSAT), NASA’s Space Communications and Navigation program (SCaN)and the ISS National Lab—Space Station Explorers. The primary goal of ARISS isto promote exploration of science, technology, engineering, the arts, andmathematics topics. ARISS does this by organizing scheduled contacts viaamateur radio between crew members aboard the ISS and students. Before andduring these radio contacts, students, educators, parents, and communities takepart in hands-on learning activities tied to space, space technologies, andamateur radio. For more information, see http://www.ariss.org. Media Contact: Dave Jordan,AA4KN ARISS PR Find us onsocial media at: X: ARISS_Intl Facebook:facebook.com/ARISSIntl Instagram:ariss_intl Mastodon:[email protected] Check out ARISSon Youtube.com.

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VUCC & DXCC Satellite Standing May++ 2024
by Jon Goering 01 Jun '24

01 Jun '24

Due to ARRL server problems, the VUCC & DXCC records only go to May 13th. Below is standings only going to May 13th not the whole month of May. VUCC Satellite Standing May+ 2024 ------------------------------------------------------------ VUCC Satellite Award/Endorsement Change Summary for April 30, 2024 to May 13, 2024. ------------------------------------------------------------ WC7V 1550 1575 DL2GRC 1333 1426 F4BKV 1100 1200 KG0D 801 900 N0GVK 701 802 N3CAL 632 637 JN1BPM 426 630 KP3V 402 526 IK0USO 118 500 NJ2DX 260 365 KG4ERR New 301 KG0I New 297 JF3MKC 250 275 W6IA 100 246 SP7JS 104 207 N4UFO 150 201 ------------------------------------------------------------ Congratulations to the new VUCC holders. KG4ERR is first VUCC Satellite holder from EM92 73 Jon N7AZ DXCC Satellite Standing May+ 2024 ------------------------------------------------------------ DXCC Satellite Award/Endorsement Change Summary for April 30, 2024 to May 13, 2024. ------------------------------------------------------------ YO3APJ 162 163 RA3S 161 162 HB9RYZ 148 149 LA7XK 106 109 W8LR 100 104 DL1EAL New 101 E70A New 101 ------------------------------------------------------------ Congratulations to the new DXCC Satellite holders. E70A is first DXCC Satellite holder from JN94 73 Jon N7AZ

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TEVEL-2
by david.greenberg 01 Jun '24

01 Jun '24

Hello All, TEVEL-2 FM transponder has been activated, starting from today 01.06.24 08:44U for 72 hours.73,David 4X1DGנשלח מה-Galaxy שלי

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